The resulting two mile kelp forest is expected to produce as much as 50 tons of fish annually and significantly enhance Southern California's marine recreation resources. SCE also is developing the San Dieguito Wetlands Restoration Project near Del Mar, Calif., a 150-acre marine and bird estuary will serve as a protected spawning site for a large variety of ocean fish.

The reef and wetlands projects fulfill an environmental commitment SCE made when granted a permit to build the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station. The utility pledged to create projects that would offset any adverse impact on local marine life identified by a high-level independent study group. SCE's objective has been to ensure that operation of the San Onofre facility, Southern California's largest power source, has a net positive impact on local marine ecosystems.

"The reef project is a model of energy sustainability," said Dick Rosenblum, SCE senior vice president and chief nuclear officer. "It ensures that, while in operation, Edison's San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station will have a net positive impact on the local environment. Then, long after the plant has reached the end of its service to customers, the reef will go on producing and nourishing local marine life."

A 15-year environmental impact study sponsored by SCE and led by the independent Marine Review Committee established by the California Coastal Commission analyzed the possible effects on marine life of the ocean water cooling system used by the San Onofre plant. The research project, which resulted in significant advances in the science of marine life impact analysis, found the cooling system might adversely affect the nearby San Onofre Kelp bed.

Water drawn into the plant from an area 3,500 feet offshore is naturally cloudier due to wave action than the area 6,000 to 8,500 feet offshore where the cooling water is later discharged. The study group found that, as this cloudier water drifted southward toward the San Onofre Kelp bed, it would reduce sunlight and therefore the size of that kelp forest. SCE and the Coastal Commission proposed building the new reef to offset this possibility.

In 1999, SCE built an experimental 23-acre reef northwest of the power plant location. Coastal Commission scientists then analyzed the six types of rock or concrete formations SCE used for the test, evaluating which was most conducive to the development of the desired giant kelp forest. The results formed the basis for SCE's construction plan that was endorsed by those scientists in the staff report voted on by the commission.

SCE expects to complete work on the reef this summer. The utility has proposed naming the reef after the late noted California Institute of Technology marine biologist Wheeler North, whose seminal research contributed to the project's design.

Additional information can be obtained about SCE's reef and wetlands projects, and other SCE environmental initiatives.

Southern California Edison, an Edison International (NYSE:EIX - News) company, is the largest electric utility in California. SCE serves a population of more than 13 million via 4.8 million customer accounts in a 50,000-square-mile service area within Central, Coastal and Southern California.

Related "Once Through" Cooling System Facts
San Onofre's two generating units use about 1.6 million gallons of ocean water per minute in a non-nuclear part of the plant. The water condenses non-radioactive steam after driving the power generating turbines.

To design San Onofre's cooling system, SCE conducted an extensive research effort to determine the most environmentally responsible, cost-effective approach. Economics and available space eliminated the evaporative and air cooling options.

When once-through cooling was selected, SCE engineers went to great lengths to design a system that would safeguard local marine life. The one-of-a-kind system they developed protects 94 percent of the fish that otherwise would be trapped if a simple open intake pipe were used.

Approximately 170 ports are located on the two discharge pipes at a point stretching from about 6,000 to 8,500 feet into the ocean, dispersing the returning water across a large area. As a result, the water temperature is only two to three degrees different from the surrounding ocean water when measured near this diffuser system.

The intake pipe includes an innovative "velocity cap" designed at SCE's marine laboratory that allows many fish to sense the current from the intake and swim away.

The intake pipe is strategically placed at a depth and distance from the shore where it is believed the fewest fish are found. Some fish that do travel down the intake pipe are diverted into a sluiceway that returns them to the ocean.

San Onofre's annual direct impact on fish was estimated by the Marine Review Committee to be about 50 metric tons. The indirect impact due to the loss of fish larvae is estimated to be about 2,200 metric tons. SCE and the committee estimate that the utility's reef and wetlands projects will more than offset this loss.

Related Links
Nuclear Power News - Nuclear Science, Nuclear Technology
Powering The World in the 21st Century at Energy-Daily.com

Memory Foam Mattress Review

SPACE MEDIA NETWORK PROMOTIONS Solar Energy Solutions Tempur-Pedic Mattress Comparison ... Newsletters :: SpaceDaily :: SpaceWar :: TerraDaily :: Energy Daily XML Feeds :: Space News :: Earth News :: War News :: Solar Energy News